Ethical issues Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Ethical issues - Assignment Example On one hand, there is accountability, while there is confidentiality on the other. While the counsellor’s decision making on a case is limited by the premise of indirectly allowing positive decision making from a list of options availed to the client, it is not always easy. Counsellors are expected to induce positive thinking on the part of the client but when faced with stubborn hard-line stances by the clients, it becomes a presenting challenge in itself. The client’s HIV status, the fiancà ©Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s unawareness, the client’s unwillingness to disclose to the fiancà © and the short duration of time to the alleged wedding appear to be major diagnostic problems of the case. This case falls in the category of relationships which definitely require the involvement of both partners at one point of the therapy. Since the client does not want the fiancà © to be involved in the details of the case poses the confidentiality issue of ethics. Whereas the details of the case are required to be positively progressing, the client wants to be fixated and progressing at the same time. Intrusive counsellor input is required in the manner of streamlined options with deep influential implications to the client. In other words, the counsellor needs to be assertive in case the stubbornness does not tone down. The only hard part in achieving this is the short duration time to the wedding, an action which changes the details of the case to a fundamentally difficult level (Corey, 2008). The counsellor client relationship is built on trust, which would be compromised if the counsellor informed his fiancà © of the risks involved in marrying the client. It is equally important that the counsellor understands the details of the client’s level of intimacy with his fiancà ©, because if they have been having a sexual relationship without protection, it could change the direction of the case (Sommers and Sommers, 2004). The counsellor must obtain all formation on the client to such a level

Summer Heights High Paper Essay Example for Free

Summer Heights High Paper Essay Target Audience- The target audience for the American adaptation of Summer Heights High is going to to be male and females aged 20-34 that make up 20.9% of the total U.S. population, the penetration size will be the Americans aged 25-29 that have a college bachelors degree and are mature enough for certain types of references and jokes. The target market was selected because instead of the Australian Summer Heights High setting being in a high school the American version will be in a college setting. A college setting was chosen because not since 2000- Boy Meets World has an ABC show had a younger (under 18) target audience. The majority of ABC shows are or have been geared towards families with young and/or teenage children in middle income two parent households i.e. George Lopez, According to Jim, My Wife and Kids. ABC Network has yet to have a show relatable to college students, and recent college graduates. The humor of Australian Summer Heights High is offensive, crude, obscene and vulgar all of which is okay for a paid for network station such as HBO but for a primetime ABC Network show the humor has be dialed back. The target audience is mature enough for pop, political and social references and jokes and old enough not to take something offensively but as mere comedy unlike a typical American family where the children and parents who are watching the show might have to make the children leave the room or parents have to tell the children not to repeat something seen on the show that was meant as comedic but can be taken off screen and used in an inappropriate, offensive fashion. Time Slot- The time slot chosen for the American adaptation of Summer Heights High will be Mondays at 9:00pm EST. The time slot was chosen because it is the time slot that gained the popular TV show Two and a Half Men an average of 15 million viewers. It is also the time right after How I Met Your Mother on CBS. The show will run March-July so that it does not interfere with Monday Night Football. The show will air after Dancing with the Stars on ABC. The time slot is ideal for the target audience because Mondays are usually a down day for both college students and those just getting into the workforce so the show can be something to look forward to, also because Mondays are usually not a typical going out night for college students or regular workers and the workload for both is usually light and then increases as the week goes on. Therefore, the show will not interfere with schoolwork, after work happy hours, or other various workloads. 9:00pm EST is not a late time, which makes it easy to watch right before the news and Jimmy Kimmel Live. Competing Shows- With various networks, television shows and time slots, viewers have many options, which means the American adaptation of Summer Heights High would have many competitors. Listed competitors include basic cable networks, assuming that not everyone in our target audience has cable, shows at the same time slot and similar shows at different time slots. CBS: On Monday nights on CBS at 9:00pm the competitors would be Two Broke Girls and Mike Molly. Both shows are comedies and pose a threat to with similar target audiences. On Monday nights at 8:00pm, right before Summer Height High, on CBS How I Met Your Mother and Rules of Engagement come on. Stated earlier that the time slot was chosen so that we would not compete with How I met Your Mother because it is one of the most popular shows among the target audience. Summer Heights High would be what people look forward to after they get a few laughs in with How I Met Your Mother. NBC: On Monday nights at 9:00pm on NBC the popular singing competition The Voice is on. Since The Voice is not a comedy and does not resonate highly with the same target audience it is not seen as a direct threat. However, a new show on NBC will be coming on right after The Voice called Revolution.  The show may attract some of the same target audience but since it is not a comedy, those that are looking for something much more comedic will turn to ABC. FOX: On Monday nights at 9:00pm on FOX an hour-long show called The Following comes on, it is not a comedy but it does appeal to some of the same target audience. The show that comes on right before The Following is Bones, which is another crime show. Research shows that our target audience finds interest in the crime shows, therefore although Bones does not come on at the same time, it is possible that the target audience will decide to watch one show over the other. the CW: On Monday nights at 9:00pm on the CW the popular show 90210 comes on. The show is popular among high school and early college students but also appeals to the target audience which makes the CW’s 90210 a direct competitor. Even though 90210 is not a comedy is has been around for, going on, six seasons and has viewer loyalty. Show Overview- The American adaptation of Summer Heights High, to match the target audience and to have independent brand awareness from the Australian version will be renamed to Summer Heights U, â€Å"U† standing for university. It was decided to stick with the one actor playing three different roles. That decision was decided upon because it is unlike any other television character, aside from SNL. The comedy will not be raunchy or obscene. The script will not include curse words but may include racial slurs, in a non-derogatory way, and language that may be deemed as offensive. The jokes that the show will not have will be jokes about the mentally or physically disabled or of sexual preference. The jokes that will be included will be jokes on race, physical ability such as strength or weakness, male physique, social class, and more. The script will be risquà © but in accordance with the Federal Communication Committee’s guidelines. Aside from the main character, which is white, other characters will be of various other races including Latino because of the 12.5% American population of Latinos and Black because of the 12.3% American population of Blacks. Instead of a division of private and public school there will be a division of larger state school and  smaller schools. Summer Heights U is going to be set in the outskirts of Los Angeles. USC is also located in Los Angeles and therefore in episodes the Summer Heights U will try to have the same caliber football team, large school feeling but will never be able to be like USC because the Summer Heights U football team is terrible. Los Angeles was chosen because of it populations’ size and number of colleges in California and the abundance of the target market and the total population of California makes up 2.9% of the United States total. Characters- The main three characters will be played by Jonathan Taylor Thomas. Jonathan Taylor Thomas was chosen because he was a child actor on the television show Home Improvement from 1991-1998 a time period where the target audience was younger and growing up. Therefore, he resonates with the current target audience because they grew up watching him. He was also chosen because he has soft features to be able to play a female role and has a comedic background. Jonah Summer Heights High: In Summer Heights High Jonah is the definition of a bully and problem child. He comes from a single family home and is the ultimate rebel. He is in remedial reading because he has the reading level of an eight year old. He likes to lie, graffiti bathrooms, and â€Å"punk† other students. He has ADD and is disruptive in class and does not pay attention. Summer Heights U: In Summer Heights U Jonah is a typical dumb jock in college. He is really cocky because he is the second string quarterback and thinks he should be starting quarterback. he does not make good grades and is a general studies major because he does not know what he wants to do with his life besides play football. Summer Heights U will keep Jonah’s dry humor the same as in Summer Heights High, he makes fun of other team members for not being as athletic as he believes he is. He is also a womanizer and thinks that he can any girl that he wants and attends parties where he always gets reje cted. Jonah relates to the target audience because he is that guy that everyone in college loves to hate. He is annoying and always commands attention but everyone finds him entertaining. Ja’mie (Jamie) Summer Heights High: In Summer Heights High Ja’mie is a bitchy private school exchange student who loves to gossip and is self-absorbed. She finds public school people to be dumb and only cares about being popular. She is obsessed with being â€Å"hot† and dates a younger student because she thinks it would be cool. Summer Heights U: In Summer Heights U Ja’mie’s name will be changes to Jamie, a more American name and she is a college student from the upper east side of New York. She thinks that she is better than everyone than everyone else and only can to summer Height U because she could not get into USC and wanted to get away from her parents. She only wears designer clothes, is obsessed with being skinny and popular. Instead of dating a younger guy, Jamie dates an older man and the shows how the relationship falls apart. Jamie is self-absorbed and conceited and makes fun of people from the West coast because she believes the West coast is better than t he West. Jamie relates to the target audience because she resonates with women in the way that women in the age group all usually have that one friend that they hate but hang out with any way because they like to be better than her. Mr. G (Coach G) Summer Heights High: In Summer Heights High Mr. G is a flamboyant drama class teacher. He is excessive and OCD. When he gets a promotion he abuses his title and is insensitive when a student dies. He comes off as selfish and full of himself and cares only about drama and theatre. Summer Heights U: In Summer Heights U instead of Mr. G being a drama teacher he is going to be the Summer Height U football team coach. He thinks that his team is the best in the state even though they are a NAIA conference football team. He breathes and sleeps football and is always pushing to build a larger stadium. Like Mr. G he is insensitive and always pushes the team to be in the best shape and always has them on strict diets. Coach G relates to the target audience because the target audience is also big football watchers and can understand the antics of a coach. Doug Peterson (Student Welfare) Summer Heights High: In Summer Heights High Mr Peterson tries to help Jonah and makes him sign a contract to be have better and acts as a mediator  between Jonah and the kids he bullies. Summer Heights U: In Summer Heights U Mr Peterson is the school counselor and helps Jonah while he is on academic probation. He tries to help Jonah get his grades up and gets him to try not to be a womanizer and get a girlfriend. He also is an older black man and will be played by Kevin Hart and makes fun of Jonah while he helps him. Kevin Hart is a popular black comedian with which the target audience is familiar. Margaret Murray (Principal) Summer Heights High: In Summer Heights High Principal Murray is a quiet yet stern principal and is excited when Ja’ mie starts at Summer Heights High. She is very stern with Mr G and is reluctant in letting him build a new theatre center. Summer Heights U: In Summer Heights U Principal Murray is Dean Murray and is a middle aged asian woman played by Lucy Lu. Lucy Lu was chosen because she is known for being dry in her humor and being unintentionally funny she has also been in recent shows and past movies that appeal to the target audience. Dean Murray is stern with Coach G when it comes to building the stadium because she believes more in academics and making the school cleaner. She gets excited about Jamie enrolling because she secretly wants quit and move to New York. Sarah Wheatley (English Teacher) Summer Heights High: In Summer Heights High Miss Wheatley is Jonah’s English teacher. She gets disrespected by him and made fun of by him. Jonah always â€Å"punks† her and tells her â€Å"puck you, miss†. Jonah gives her a great deal of stress throughout the series. Summer Heights U: In Summer Heights U Miss Wheatley is Professor Wheatley and is Jonahs English 200 professor. Tina Fey will play Prof Wheatley and instead of Jonah making fun of her and giving her a hard time she gives Jonah a hard time because he is filing her class. Tina Fey and the story line was chosen because Tina Fey is a former SNL cast member and is very funny and relatable to the target audience. Pilot Episode Summary: In the pilot episode all of the main characters will be introduced and the storyline will follow them on the first day of fall semester  sophomore year. In the scene it is Jamie’s first day at the school and she is trying to fit in with various sorority girls. Jonah is back practicing on the football field; he and Coach G are never in the same scene together. Coach G just yells at him from the sidelines usually. In the pilot episode Coach G is introduced trying to bench press a heavy weight in front of his players but fails miserably. Mr Peterson is seen trying to help Jonah figure out why he cant get a girlfriend and Prof Wheatley is making fun of Jonah for misspelling his name. The american adaptation is more like a sitcom rather than a mockumentary. The pilot episode opens in the university gym that is decked out in school colors of green and yellow. In the scene we see Coach G laying on a bench trying to bench press 215 pounds, claiming that it is â€Å"easy†. With the team around him he fails and says that he only couldnt do it because he had not has his protein shake yet and exclaims that the team has to do sprints and push ups after weigh in and that if anyone has lost weight that they have to do weighted pull ups as well as drink 5 protein shakes a day. The next scene is then moved to the focus on Jonah earlier in the day where he is in class with Prof Wheatley. Prof Wheatley is handing back the first paper of the semester and is unimpressed. She give the students a lecture on how they are not freshman anymore and need to spend less time getting drunk and high and more time working on their papers. When Jonah gets his back, to no surprise gets a 10%. Prof Wheatley then publicly announces that Jonah did not even spell his name right on his paper because he must have been too busy playing with his balls, making a reference to him being a football player. Jamie is now introduced and is seen in the quad texting while she is surrounded by a group of sorority girls, all of whom she thinks she is better than and would not be caught dead in Greek letters because they would not match her Birkin bag. She is talking to them about her older boyfriend and how much she misses New York because the sun in California will ruin her perfect skin. All the girls make plans to go out to a bar that night and Jamie says she will only go if they have sell vintage red burgundy wine. The  final scene shows Dean Murray in her office talking to Coach G about the upcoming football season. She tells him that if they dont have at least 5 wins this season shes going to cut the football program funding. Coach tries to convince her that they are stronger and and a better team than ever and that all the guys can bench press 215 pounds. She tells him that all team members also need to be passing all of their classes and this puts Coach G in a bind because he knows t hat half of the team might fail out. The show ends at that and episode two will show how Coach G plays on getting the team stronger and passing, shows Jamie out at the bar and what happens when she runs into her older businessman boyfriend and if Jonah will ask out his crush.

EU Pharmacovigilance Legislation: An Overview

EU Pharmacovigilance Legislation: An Overview Susan Murphy As defined by the WHO, Pharmacovigilance is the science and activities relating to the detection, assessment, understanding and prevention of adverse reactions and other medicine related problems. Adverse effects are whereby medicines affect the body in an unintended and harmful way. Following on from this, the underlying objectives of EU pharmacovigilance legislation are to: prevent harm from adverse reactions in humans arising from the use of authorised medicinal products promote the safe and effective use of medicinal products, in particular through providing timely information about the safety of medicinal products to patients, healthcare professionals and the public. Pharmacovigilance is therefore an activity contributing to the protection of both patients and public health [1]. When a new medicine obtains marketing authorization (MA), the active substance has been tested and it has been concluded that the benefits of this new medicine outweigh the risks. There is a limited amount of information available after clinical trials so the decision to give MA is effectively a trade off between making a new medicine available as early as possible and waiting until as much as possible is know about the medicine. For testing, several hundreds or thousands of carefully selected patients will have participated in clinical trials. These trials take place under controlled conditions. However, once MA has been obtained, the medicine will now be used in normal healthcare settings where there will be many patients who may differ from those used in the population study (eg age difference, may be using other drugs, have disease interactions. and also there will be longer term effects of using the new medicine). So it is imperative to identify these new or changing risks as quickly as possible to take measures to minimize the risks to patients. [2] For companys there is a legal obligation to continuously collect data and conduct pharmacovigilance regarding any possible change to the risk-benefit balance of taking such a medicine. In this regard, pharmacovigilance regulation seeks to protect the public from emerging safety issues by monitoring the product throughout its lifetime so that it is safe and effective to use. The 2012 EU Pharmacovigilance Legislation [3] New legislation regarding pharmacovigilance came into effect in July 2012. This was the biggest change to the regulation of human medicines since 1995. Based on evidence that adverse drug reactions caused approx 197,000 deaths per year in the EU, the EC began a review of the European system of safety monitoring (an independent study with extensive public consultation) This resulted in a 2010 directive and regulation, Directive 2010/84/EU Regulation (EU) No 1235/2012 which amended the existing pharmacovigilance laws 2001/83/EC and regulation (EC) No. 726/2004. This was accompanied by the implementation regulation published in June 2012 which provided operational aspects for the new legislation (no 520/2012 19th June 2012) A further amendment was carried out in Oct 2012 following a review of the withdrawal of the medicine Mediator (benfluorex) a diabetes drug with a coronary side effect, where it was felt that the risk now outweighed the limited benefit. The amendments aimed to further protect the patients health by allowing prompt notification and assessment of patient issues. The aim of the legislation was to reduce the number of Adverse Drug reactions via Collecting data on the effects of a given medicine from a wider net Rapid and robust assessment of issues Effective regulatory action to deliver safe and effective use of medicines Better patient involvement through feedback and reporting More transparency on the effects and safety of medicines concerned For MA applicants and holders the new legislation would: Makes their roles and responsibilities clear Minimize duplication of effort Free up resources by rationalizing and simplifying reporting on safety issues Clear legal framework for post authorisation modifying In short, the main aim of the legislation was to reduce the human and financial cost burden of adverse drug reactions, to strengthen patient involvement in monitoring medicines and to make the public strongly aware of the risk-benefit nature of taking medicines. New Concepts introduced in the 2012 Pharmacovigilance Legislation The concept of additional monitoring and the black symbol were introduced by the new EU laws on the safety-monitoring of medicines, (called the pharmacovigilance legislation,) which started to come into effect in 2012. Any new medicine authorised after 1 September 2013 that is subject to additional monitoring must display the black symbol in the package leaflet and the summary of product characteristics when it is placed on the EU market. Also any educational materials relating to this medicine should indicate its additional monitoring status. The legislation affects medicines authorised in the EU after 1 January 2011. Due to this, a transition period for medicines authorised between January 2011 and August 2013 was allowed whilst companies their updated packaging and gradually phased in the new leaflets. Medicines under additional monitoring [4] This is a new process to label medicines that are being monitored closely by the regulatory authorities. A solid black upside down triangle displayed on the package leaflet and information for healthcare professionals indicates that the medicine is undergoing additional monitoring. The symbol started to appear in late 2013. A medicine may be subject to additional monitoring because Not as much data is available with this medicine Less information is available on the long term impact of using this medicine Does not imply that the medicine is unsafe. This label is now always applied for: Any new API authorized after Jan 2011 Any biological medicine authorized after Jan 2011 For medicines authorised under exceptional circumstances If there are rare side effects seen during the trial or long term usage effects which warrant more information gathering. A medicine subject to such monitoring, can remain on the Medicines subject to additional monitoring list published by the EMA for up to 5 years. Why are medicines monitored after approval? Marketing approval is granted to medicines on the basis of clinical trial results. These consist of a small number of patients trialled under controlled conditions over a relatively short period of time. In real life, however a more diverse group of people will use the medicine and there may be different interactions plus the effects of longer term use. To take any rare or long term side effects which may then come to light into account, it is vital to continue to monitor the safety of all medicines whilst they are in commercial use. Information is continuously collected after a medicine is placed on the market to monitor real-life experience with the product. European regulatory authorities closely monitor this information to make sure that the benefits of medicines continue to outweigh their risks. Standardised monitoring methods are used across the EU so that information can be effectively shared by the member states regulatory authorities. This provides a wealth of knowledge for regulators to rely upon when making decisions, and enables a rapid response when required, such as providing warnings about the medicine or restricting its usage. Reporting side effects Reporting suspected side effects is an important way to gather more information on medicines on the market. Regulatory authorities look at reports of side effects alongside all the information they already have to make sure that the benefits of medicines remain greater than their risks and to take any necessary action. Patients and healthcare professionals are encouraged to report suspected side effects seen with any medicine. Under the new pharmacovigilance legislation, patients have the right to report suspected side effects directly to the national medicines regulatory authorities in their country if they wish. The onus is on the company to provide information on how to do this on their package leaflet. The black triangle makes it possible to quickly identify medicines that are subject to additional monitoring, encouraging end users to feed back any adverse effects .This allows new data to be analysed in a rapid and robust manner. [5] Update on effect of 2012 Pharmacovigilance Legislation A report published in 2014 summarised the key effects of introducing the new legislation [6]. The most notable of these were (during the reporting period 2012-2013) Adverse Drug reaction reporting has increased by > 175,000 more individual case safety reports > 9,000 more patient reports Label Changes from more that 47% of signals reported By August 2013 119 medicines were listed under additional monitoring list. Major public health reviews have been initiated on combined hormonal contraceptives, codeine-containing products and tetrazepam to name but a few. Better information is now available via the agencys website for therapeutic decision making Conclusion The aim of the Pharmacovigilance legislation is to enhance patient care and safety with regard to medicines and to support public health programs by providing balanced reliable information. Real life use of medicines only happens once professionals begin to prescribe or dispense. It is vital that the safety of all medicines is monitored throughout their lifetime. Adverse drug reactions account for 5% of all hospital admissions and are the 5th most common cause of hospital death. For EU citizens, the goal of the new pharmacovigilance legislation is to Strengthen patient involvement in the monitoring of medicines. This allows for continuous feedback on the effects of taking medicines through its lifecyle and consequently rapid and robust assessment of issues. Reduce the burden of ADRs Inform and engage citizens on the risk/benefit aspect of taking medicines. Full implementation is expected to save between 500 and 5000 lives a year with a cost saving to society of between â‚ ¬250million and â‚ ¬2.5billion per year [7]. There is concrete evidence that the new legislation is bringing about changes that will lead to improvement in public health. This is demonstrated by greater clarity on the roles and responsibilities for the parties involved in pharmacovigilance (MA applicants and holders, EMA, EU and member state regulatory authorities) and also greater transparency on medicine safety for the patient. This serves to increase the understanding and trust of both patients and healthcare workers on the safe and effective use of medicines in the EU[6]. References [1]Â  http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/Other/2014/09/WC500172403.pdf [2] EMA Pharmacoviglience 2013 23/03/2013 NC50010423.pdf [3]http://www.ema.europa.eu/ema/index.jsp?curl=pages/special_topics/general/general_content_000491.jspmid=WC0b01ac058058f32d [4]http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/Other/2013/04/WC500142430.pdf [5]http://www.ema.europa.eu (Medicines under additional monitoring) [6]Â  http://ec.europa.eu/health/files/pharmacovigilance/2014_ema_oneyear_pharmacov_en.pdf [7]Â  http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/Presentation/2013/01/WC500137839.pdf

Volunteering at a Nursing Home Essay -- Contribution to My Community Se

Volunteering at a Nursing Home I ambitiously decided that I would brighten the lives of the elderly by volunteering at a rest home, but discovered that the elderly were being neglected, shoved aside and forgotten. As I stepped into the home a pungent odor penetrated my nostrils, causing an instantaneous gagging reflex. The place was abounded with neglected and subdued inhabitants, yearning for attention. Anybody that passed them caused a sudden outburst of ranting. The negligence and disregard the home displayed appalled me, but helped me to realize that I wanted to make a difference and change the condition people live in. As I walked down the corridor I noticed a man lying in a hospital bed with only a television, two dressers, and a single window looking out at nothing cluttering his room. Depression overwhelmed me as I stared at the man laying on his bed, wearing a hospital gown stained by failed attempts to feed himself and watching a television that was not on. The fragments of an existence of a life once active and full of conviction and youth, now laid immovable in a state of unconsciousness. He was unaffected by my presence and remained in his stupor, despondently watching the blank screen. The solitude I felt by merely observing the occupants of the home forced me to recognize the mentality of our culture, out with the old and in with the new.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I then sat with a woman who was gazing out of the window. The woman appeared to be in her early eighties, but...

Formation Of Nanocomposite For Ceramic Film Process Engineering Essay

IntroductionWe are Super Solar Sdn Bhd which is a ceramic based company that produces window solar movies. In respond to your petition to integrate the elements of green technology into the day-to-day procedures in the mill, we are subjecting this proposal to upgrade our industry by implementing the construct of green technology into the industry. Before we start let us to give a brief account on nano ceramic movies. Nano ceramic movies are particular movie bed used on difficult stuffs to protect them from wear and tear. They play a large function in maintaining the strength and quality of stuffs such as metals, plastic and many other merchandises used in industrial and consumer applications. Ceramic coatings are typically made up of particular compounds that possess stronger belongingss than regular coating. Compounds in ceramic coatings include carbides, borides, nitrides, and silicides that are difficult plenty to maintain the stuff from roll uping residue and going prone to breakage while in usage. There are two types of ceramic coatings, single-layer and multi-layer. Single-layer coatings are normally applied on already strong stuffs that are non ever exposed to damage, such as PVC plastic and non-metallic merchandises. Multi-layer coatings are used on more delicate merchandises such as fibreglass, metals and other points used for particular research lab or industrial intents. The nano ceramic movie that we produce in our mill is specifically tailored to function as shade or coat for edifice Windowss and vehicles. Our movie ( Solar Tint ) applied straight to the inside of Windowss in a place or commercial concern to organize a protective barrier against the Sun ‘s harmful infrared and ultraviolet radiation. As for automotive movies, the coatings allow a certain sum of Visible Light Transmission, while barricading out of the Sun ‘s infrared heat. The technique we are using to bring forth our nano ceramic atoms is known as Thermal Plasma where the ceramic atoms are heated to high temperature that causes vaporization of the little micron size atoms. Then, to surface the nano ceramic atoms onto Polyethylene Terephthalate or PET movies, the thermic crop-dusting method is used whereby the beginning of heat and energy is a high-temperature plasma. The nano ceramic movies are now formed. Presently there are many issues on natural resources depletion due to industrial procedures. One of the methods to get the better of this job is by implementing the rules of green technology in our industrial procedure. Green technology is the procedure and design of merchandises that conserve natural resources, and impact the natural environment every bit small as possible. The usage of green engineering besides referred as clean engineering is supposed to cut down the sum of waste and pollution that is created during production and ingestion. There are many types of green engineering such as energy, edifice, preferable buying, chemical science and besides nanotechnology. Our focal point is traveling to be chiefly on nanotechnology, efficiency maximization, energy preservation and lastingness. Nanotechnology involves pull stringsing stuffs to the smallest nanometre therefore it can be best to implement green nanotechnology is the usage of green rules in the field. Nanotechnology involves the use of stuffs at the graduated table of the nanometer, one billionth of a metre. Based on this green technology rule, we would wish to present the nano ceramic coating. Nano ceramic coatings provide non merely the usual protection of single-layer and multi-layer coatings, but besides feature thermodynamic belongingss. Nano ceramic window movies are fade and corrosion free, outliving other conventional stuff ( bleached and metals ) based movies by more than 50 % . They are known with the term spectrally selective because they reject blaze and block heat while supplying seeable light and optimal lucidity. Their alone heat control belongingss can merely be exhibited at nano graduated table and the preciseness of the fabrication procedure consequences in a thin bed with even thickness to a ccomplish a uniform, impersonal coloring material tone and public presentation.PROBLEM STATEMENT:Presently, we have been bring forthing nano ceramic movies ( Solar Shade ) used as shade and coat for Windowss in edifices and automotives with the intent of cut downing heat and seeable beam. We have been utilizing the Thermal Plasma procedure to organize nano ceramic atoms of Sn oxide from the majority Sn oxide atoms. These atoms are so used to surface the Polyethylene Terephthalate or PET movies to organize nano ceramic movies. These procedures use up enormous sum of thermic energy and are really dearly-won. There have been programs to cut down the energy ingestion and cost without compromising the quality of the merchandise. Apart from that, the competition in the ceramic movie devising industry is really high and we need to bring forth high quality nano ceramic movies that can run into the demands and demands of our clients. With the on-going argument on the benefits of implementing green engineering in our industrial procedures and programs to better our merchandise quality every bit good as cost decrease, we are doing a proposal to incorporate green engineering in the processing and production of our nano ceramic movies and take necessary steps to do more efficient nano ceramic movies.MethodologyBriefly, being a ceramic based company, we are bring forthing nanoceramic atoms, SnO2 from bulk ceramic atoms utilizing the thermic plasma method and use them to surface Polyethylene Terephthalate, PET movies that we are purchasing from a PET maker. The surfacing stuff that we are utilizing is SnO2 utilizing a thermic crop-dusting method known as Vacuum Plasma Spraying ( VPS ) . And the nano ceramic movies are formed. This films maps as solar heat control window movies for residentials and automotive. In item, the procedures involved are as follows: In nanotechnology, a atom is defined as a little object that behaves as a whole unit in footings of its conveyance and belongingss. Atoms are farther classified harmonizing to size: in footings of diameter, all right atoms cover a scope between 100 and 2500 nanometers.On the other manus, ultrafine atoms are sized between 1 and 100 nanometres. Similar to ultrafine atoms, nanoparticles are sized between 1 and 100 nanometres. Nanoparticles may or may non exhibit size-related belongingss that differ significantly from those observed in all right atoms or majority materials.There are several methods for making nanoparticles, and the method we are utilizing presently is known as thermal plasma which deliver the energy necessary to do vaporization of little micron size atoms. The thermic plasma temperatures are in the order of 10,000 K, so that solid pulverization easy evaporates. Nanoparticles are formed upon chilling while go outing the plasma part. The types of the thermic plasma torch u sed to bring forth nanoparticles are ( RF ) initiation plasmas. In RF initiation plasma torches, energy matching to the plasma is accomplished through the electromagnetic field generated by the initiation spiral. The plasma gas does non come in contact with electrodes, therefore extinguishing possible beginnings of taint and leting the operation of such plasma torches with a broad scope of gases including inert, cut downing, oxidising and other caustic ambiances. The nano atoms that are formed in the earlier measure will now be used as surfacing stuff.There are assorted thermic spraying methods for coating of nano ceramic atoms on the PET movie. One method is vacuum plasma crop-dusting ( VPS ) . As with all plasma spraying methods, the beginning of heat and energy in VPS is a high-temperature plasma. In plasma burner an discharge is produced which heats an inert gas watercourse by ionisation and recombination reactions to temperatures of up to 20,000 K. The stuff to be deposited, in this instance SnO2 is fed in pulverization signifier into this high-energy plasma watercourse with the assistance of a bearer gas. The pulverization atoms are accelerated, heated to a liquefied province and projected at high velocity onto the substrate, which causes them to flatten and organize a lamellar coating. Depending on the continuance of the crop-dusting operation surfacing thicknesses from several ?m to a few centimeter can be produced. Bulk ceramic atoms Nano ceramic atoms Thermal Plasma Vaccum Plasma Spraying PET Films Nano Ceramic FilmFigure 1: Diagram of processing of nano ceramic moviesDiscussionDesign ProcedureBelow is the suggested alteration to the current processing of movie that complies with the rules of Green Technology. The execution of green technology in the procedure and production of nano ceramic movies will give us a positive impact in the hereafter, where we will name the undermentioned impacts at the following pages. The modified nano ceramic movie is named as Green Solar Tint. The modified procedure methodological analysis: Nano ceramic atoms of Tin Oxide formed from the thermic plasma procedure ab initio is replaced by Wet Chemical Process. The PET movies are ab initio coated with nano Tin oxide atoms utilizing the Vacuum Plasma Spraying are now replaced by surfacing bed of TiN ( Ti nitride ) followed by a bed of Tin oxide utilizing the PVD ( Physical Vapor Deposition ) Method.Formation OF NANOCOMPOSITE FOR CERAMIC FILM PROCESSInitially our company used thermic plasma as our procedure to bring forth nano atoms. As our concern about green engineering, we suggested to utilize Wet Chemical Process to bring forth nano atoms. Wet chemical methods enable inexpensive, low-temperature, mass-scale fabrication paths. They produce powdered porous and heavy micro-structures that can non be realized otherwise. In wet-chemical processing, clean nano atom scatterings are deposited on the substrate at, chiefly, ambient conditions. The deposition is followed by a rapid thermic processing intervention to take liquids and organic additives, to change over precursors to the mark composing, and to set up the concluding porous and heavy micr o-structure. In the synthesis of precursor scatterings it is really of import to obtain nano atoms with a near-isometric form and a reasonably narrow atom size distribution, without the formation of secondary agglomerate constructions. In peculiar the latter requires careful control of solution and interfacial chemical science to accomplish proper colloidal stableness, during and after the synthesis procedure.Procedure OF FILM COATING USING TITANIUM NITRIDEPreviously in our ceramics movie procedure, we applied thermic crop-dusting for movie coating. Our old surfacing stuff was Tin oxide entirely. Now as we are suggesting our ceramic movie industry based on green technology, we suggest titanium nitride to be used as our surfacing stuff with a protective bed of Sn oxide. There are few procedures that can be carried out for movie coating. Those are nitriding, thin coat engineerings, thermic crop-dusting and optical maser engineering. Based on our findings sing these procedures, thin co at engineerings is sensible and more convenient to be applied for our ceramics movie industry. Nitriding and thermic spraying need a really high force per unit area and temperature to execute the procedure, where the temperature is capable of transcending boulder clay 20 000 K. Then for optical maser engineering, it requires high tech equipment for surfacing which can be really dearly-won. Hence, we are suggesting the Thin Coat Technology or specifically Physical Vapor Deposition for surfacing procedure.Thin coat engineerings1. The thin coating engineerings used with Ti are PVD ( Physical Vapor Deposition ) these are chemical/physical vapor deposition methods used to fabricate protective coatings. 2. PVD procedures are carried out under vacuity conditions. The procedure involved four stairss: vaporization, transit, reaction and deposition. Evaporation-During this phase, a mark, dwelling of the stuff to be deposited is bombarded by a high energy beginning such as a beam of negatrons or ions. This dislodges atoms from the surface of the mark, ‘vaporizing ‘ them. Transport-This procedure merely consists of the motion of ‘vaporized ‘ atoms from the mark to the substrate to be coated and will by and large be a consecutive line matter. Reaction-In some instances coatings will dwell of metal oxides, nitrides, carbides and other such stuffs. The atoms of metal will so respond with the appropriate gas during the conveyance phase. For the above measure, the reactive gases that can be used is nitrogen which is more abundant compared to methane and O. Deposition-This is the procedure of surfacing construct up on the substrate surface. In our instance, we are surfacing TiN onto the surface of PET movies.Why is our modified procedure better than the initial procedure?Thermal plasma – initial procedure used to bring forth nano atomsThermal plasmas have high temperatures up to15, 000 K because the plasmas are generated at comparatively high force per unit areas where near to atmospheric force per unit area ; they have high densenesss and are considered to be at equilibrium. Since we need a high temperature, we need a higher heat content to bring forth the temperature. In this production method, jobs arise from the residuary coarse atoms. When precursor pulverizations are injected into thermic plasma in which temperature and flow distributions exist both radially and axially, some of the precursor atoms are non evaporated wholly. The non evaporated portion, although little, necessitates an extra station separation procedureWet C hemical Process- modified procedure to bring forth nano atomsThis is the scope of techniques that are most applicable for word picture by light dispersing techniques. These are basically ‘bottom-up ‘ techniques, where they start with ions or molecules and construct these up into larger constructions. These wet chemical science techniques presently offer the best quality nano atoms from a figure of points of position. They produce nano atoms that are already in the signifier of scattering, therefore high inter-particle forces can be designed in to forestall agglomeration. The formation of sums can be reduced or eliminated. The nano atoms can be made to be really same size to within little tolerances. The chemical composing and morphology can be closely controlled.Vacuum Plasma Spraying- initial procedure used to bring forth surfacingThis system, as the name implies, uses an electric discharge as the heat beginning which is much hotter than the temperature produced by an o xy-acetylene fire. This means that higher thaw point stuffs can be deposited at higher speeds ( 200-400 m/s ) taking to high bonded strength in vacuity plasma praying. Hence higher energy ingestion is needed for surfacing procedure. Other disadvantages are that the procedure requires more expensive equipment and that it is non suited for manual operation in instance of power break.Physical Vapor Deposition. – modified procedure to bring forth surfacingPVD coatings are deposited for legion grounds. Some of the chief 1s are improved hardness and wear opposition, reduced clash and improved oxidization opposition. The usage of such coatings is aimed at bettering efficiency through improved public presentation and longer component life. They may besides let coated constituents to run in environments that the uncoated constituent would non otherwise have been able to execute. Materials can be deposited with improved belongingss compared to the substrate stuff. Almost any type of in organic stuff can be used every bit good as some sorts of organic stuffs. The procedure is more environmentally friendly than procedures such as electroplating.TinAs mentioned above, the PET movies are ab initio coated with nano Tin oxide atoms entirely are now replaced by surfacing bed of TiN ( Ti nitride ) followed by a bed of Tin oxide. Why TiN? TiN bearing movie is oxidation-resistant and has first-class scratch opposition. It besides has superior light rarefying features, peculiarly reduced seeable coefficient of reflection and decreased colour. Using TiN as a solar shield on architectural Windowss can cut down the solar heat addition during hot conditions, Ti nitride coating is the most advantageous pick for most applications because of the comparative easiness with which gaseous precursors to the coating can be formed and handled on processing equipment. A solar shade bearing Ti nitride ( TiN ) as the chief barrier is coated with a thin bed of protective transparent movie of Sn oxide. Tin oxide is believed to hold the most favourable combination of mechanical, optical and infra ruddy emmisivity belongingss to complement solar shield applications.Design OF PRODUCT ( Green Solar Tint )AutomotiveBy and large, our improved nano ceramic movies ( Green Solar Shade ) offer better heat rejection, low coefficient of reflection an d better lastingness as compared to the old ceramic movies ( Solar Shade ) that offer limited heat rejection:By cutting down intolerable heat, our nano ceramic movies cool the vehicle more expeditiously and cut down fuel ingestion. Residents are besides protected from the harmful Ultra Violet rays that are damaging to the eyes and tegument through the high Ultra Violet rejection transcending 90 % . Improves the overall comfort of drive, offers fade control and protects the vehicle by widening the life of the vehicle ‘s inside every bit good. High Infra Red heat rejection up to 96 % and auto interior temperature reduced. Reduces blaze and driving weariness therefore heightening driving comfort. Protects drivers/passengers from the Sun ‘s harmful radiation. 100 % dye-free and no stain and estimated to hold longer life rhythm than the conventional dyed and metallic movies. Extends lifetime of vehicle inside with fade protection. Improves shatter-resistance of windshields. Significant heat decrease lowers chilling burden of air-conditioning and fuel ingestion Prolongs lifetime of air-conditioning compressor and reduces replacing costs. Generally helps salvage energy and indirectly saves environment because decrease of fuel ingestion means lesser harmful gases released into the air.BuildingsConventional ceramic movies seem to filtrate out excessively much of the natural visible radiation go forthing their places excessively dark or they let in excessively much visible radiation and capable their trappingss and loved 1s to the detrimental effects of Ultra Violet beams. Whereas, our improved nano ceramic movies ( Green Solar Shade ) :Reduce the Infra-Red heat build-up in the house and besides cut off more than 90 % of the Ultraviolet rays that cause tegument jobs and attenuation of insides. While protecting valuable place trappingss and widening their lifetime, nano-ceramic movies have the added characteristic of low contemplation at dark and the position is hence non obscured. The bed of movie besides provides an added degree of safety by maintaining glass fragments together in the event of inadvertent breakage. Significant Infra-Red Heat rejection lowers chilling burden of air-conditioning ingestion Enhances interior comfort and life environment with reduced blazeCost Analysis for Nano Ceramic Films ( Solar Tint V Green Solar Tint ) .Presently our company bring forthing nano ceramic atoms from bulk ceramic atoms utilizing the thermic plasma method and use them to surface Polyethylene Terephthalate, PET movies by utilizing thermic spray techniques. We are bring forthing 150000 ft2 of nano ceramic movie per batch. The continuance which we took to finish 1 batch is 10 working yearss ( 2 hebdomads ) . The followers is the cost analysis for one batch which affecting production of nano ceramic atoms and besides surfacing procedure. Solar Shade Materials ( RM/KG ) ( Tin oxide + PET movies ) 54,400 Water/Electricity ( RM ) 572,000 Labor ( RM ) 100,000 Maintenance ( RM ) 40,000 Rent ( RM ) 50,000 Entire Cost ( RM ) 816400 The natural stuff which is used to bring forth nano ceramic atoms is tin oxide and about 45000 kilograms of Sn oxide is being used for a batch ( market monetary value 0.68 cents per Kg ) . 20000 KW/h are being used for a batch for making nano atoms and undergo coating procedure. Entire Cost of the production are RM 816400 and our merchandising monetary value is RM 8.50 ( 1 ft2 ) . The overall net incomes from the production per batch are RM 458600 which is about 36 % from the overall gross. Estimated Cost Analysis for ( Green Solar Tint ) The estimated continuance to bring forth 150000 ft2 of Green Solar Tint is 10 working yearss ( 2 hebdomads ) . The followers is the cost analysis for one batch. Cost Analysis NANO CERAMIC FILM Materials ( RM/KG ) ( Tin oxide+ TiN+ PET movies ) 107,000 Water/Electricity ( RM ) 410,000 Labor ( RM ) 100,000 Maintenance ( RM ) 40,000 Rent ( RM ) 50,000 Entire Cost ( RM ) 707,000 The natural stuff which is used to bring forth ceramic movies is tin oxide and about 45000 kilograms of Sn oxide is estimated to be used for a batch ( market monetary value 0.68 cents per Kg ) .The estimated energy ingestion will be 14600 KW/h. Estimated energy ingestion will be lower for Green Solar Tint production compared to Solar Tint because it does n't affect thermic procedures which consume high energy. The estimated energy decrease will be 27 % ( 5400KW/h ) . Entire Estimated Cost of the production are RM 707,000 and our merchandising monetary value is RM 9.00 ( 1 ft2 ) .The overall net incomes from the production per batch are RM 643000 which is about 47.63 % from overall gross.Social and Environmental ImpactsBulidings and placesSocial Impact:The Green Solar Tint removes up to 90 % of the Sun ‘s damaging UV beams, which cause fast attenuation of trappingss, carpets, images and other belongingss and sun harm. So this lengthens the life rhythm of stuff and furniture at p lace. Besides that, Green Solar Tint offers window movies that block basically all harmful UV beams, the taking cause of skin malignant neoplastic disease and other unsafe conditions that impact all ages. With this, we can protect our loved 1s from hamful UV rays.Solar shade besides offers added safety for everyone and anything in the house. In instances of larceny or natural catastrophes like temblors and twister, the solar shade movie is competent at maintaining the broken pieces of glass together. This can avoid or at the really least lessen physical injury to your pets and relations and extra harm to your belongings. Extra benefits include an elegant visual aspect, reduced blaze and improved comfort and the Sun ‘s heat that comes through the window being reflected off.Environmental Impact:Green Solar Tint ‘s capableness to reject important sum of Infra Red heat lowers chilling burden of air conditioning ingestion. This means energy can be saved at place by utilizing lesser air conditioning. And indirectly, we can assist cut down the emision of harmful CFC to the environment.AutomotiveSocial ImpactGreen solar shade is besides efficient in cut downing Sun blaze which is really utile most particularly to the driver ( automotive application ) , since it is really helpful in forestalling oculus strain and weariness. Aside from that, riders will besides detect the auto seats get hot easy doing uncomfortableness to sit on. Through Green Solar Tint, non merely is the upholstery of the auto protected, but the riders are protected as good. Green Solar shade is capable of barricading up to 90 % of UV beams so one time installed on every auto window you can be assured that you and your household are protected from its detrimental effects. Aside from these grounds that are already given, solar shade besides serves as an added shield that facilitates to your safety and security. The movies will forestall broken pieces of glass from shattering in instance of an accident. This will so minimise possible physical injury both from exterior and inside the auto.Environmental ImpactGreen solar shade is besides really efficient in barricading heat from the Sun. This is a really economical manner of salvaging fuel because of decreased use of air con. And less use of air con means less fuel ingestion. This manner we get to salvage our natural resources ( fuel ) every bit good as cut down pollutant emitted by vehicles.DecisionAs a decision, the modified Green solar shade will supply good solar rejection and it is cheaper than Solar shade ( initial merchandise ) .Recommendation1. The natural stuffs that we traveling to utilize for ceramic procedure, should be maximized, so that the merchandises besides will be maximized. Hence, the dimension of the reactors should be design harmonizing to our company penchant. Overall, we can cut down the use of energy by non reiterating the procedure once more. 2. First, the mixture of our natural stuffs in an organic dissolver should be every bit pure as possible. This can be done, by holding an extra procedure of separation and purification of our natural stuffs. As a consequence, we can forestall the wastage. The drosss from the separation, we can re-use it back as our side merchandises. 3. Normally, it is impossible to derive 100 % pureness in our merchandises. There should be some by- merchandises produce. The byproducts can be re-usable or can be re-cycling back to our provender. It is a good investing for our company.Waste PRODUCTSZinc oxide is one of the drosss from our natural stuffs. So, it is non necessary for us to divide the drosss as Zn oxide have a superior UV barricading belongingss compared to its majority replacement. Actually, this dross is frequently used in ties readying of sunscreen lotions and it is wholly photo stable. Impurities or waste merchandises like nanoscale atoms that being produced in our industry can be used for biomedical application as drug bearers or imaging agents. We can do it as our side investings.

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buy custom Federal Civil Right Legislation essay Introduction There are various federal civil rights legislations and judicial rulings that have had tremendous effects on cultural diversity. Statute A: Equal Protection Clause Explanation This clause was an amendment of the constitution of United States. It states that no state shall deny any individual equal protection by the laws. It requires that all citizens be treated equally regardless of their color, race or origin. The clause was enacted to prevent American States from establishing separate public schools for the whites and blacks. The high court banned segregation in public schools (Waldo, 1998). Implications on Cultural Diversity This clause has helped erase discrimination that prevailed between white American and black Americans. After it enactment, there was free mingling, interaction and association between whites and blacks. One of its major impact was intermarriage that eled to exchange of cultures, beliefs and practices amongst the white and black Americans. Statute B: Religious Accommodation Explanation This law requires that all employers should be able to accommodate and cope with religious beliefs of their employees, unless doing so would lead to unnecessary hardships at the workplace (Merriman, 2007). Implications on Cultural Diversity This Law recognizes and allows for diversity in religious beliefs and practices. Furthermore, it strengthens an individuals root in religion. This appreciation of religious diversity encourages people to live harmoniously within the society through respect of other peoples religions. Statute C: Sex Discrimination Act Explanation This Law protects persons against sexual discrimination. Sexual discrimination ranges rom sexual harassments, such as open and direct search for sexual favors at the workplace, creation of a hostile environment to persons of a certain gender and discriminations based on childbirth or pregnancy status (Dyer, 1976). Implications on Cultural Diversity People should not be discriminated based on their sexuality. The state and the society as well should recognize various sexualities exhibited by different people. This would enable free interaction of people of different sexes and gender, thereby promoting cultural diversity amongst them. Federal Judicial Ruling Ruling Citation A: there is no superior, dominant, ruling class of citizens. Explanation This ruling was made on Justice Harlan in the Brown v. Board of Education case. He further argue the American Constitution is color blind as thus there was no need to segregate schools for white Americans from those of black Americans. Implications on Cultural Diversity The ruling implied that there was no basis for discriminating American citizens on grounds of their skin colors. All citizens had to be view and treated equally before the laws. All citizens, whether black or white, had equal rights and should have equal access to public amenities such as schools and health facilities. In my opinion, this ruling facilitated the exchange of cultures amongst the American citizens. The freedom of association made possible transfer of societal values amongst the people. Ruling Citation B: If any white person intermarry with a colored person, or any colored person intermarry with a white person, he shall be guilty of a felony and shall be punished by confinement in the penitentiary for not less than one nor more than five years." (Vile, 2010). Explanation This ruling was made in a case filed by Loving against Virginia State. The Virginia State barred peopple from marrying non-whites. She wanted all marriages to be racially classified. Implications on Cultural Diversity In my view, the right and freedom of a person to marry or not to marry another person of his or her choice solely depends on that persons decisions and should not be infringed, flouted or violated by the state. The state should not deprive or deny any person the right to choose, right to life and the liberty to marry whoever he/she wishes. Intermarriages should be encouraged as far as possible. Such interracial marriages enable transfer of cultures, beliefs and practices between different societies, thereby promoting peace and harmony. The federal government, and Virginia State, must realize that every person was created by one God, though they were given different skins colors and placed in separate continents or places. We are all equal as human beings. Ruling Citation C: a master is subject to liability for the torts of his servants committed while acting in the scope of their employment. (Vile, 2010). Explanation In this ruling, an employer who created a sexually hostile environment and exposed her female lifeguards to unintended and offensive touching was held liable for damages. Implications on Cultural Diversity In my opinion, nobody should be subjected to sexual discrimination at the workplace. Appreciation of sexual diversity is vital at the workplace and should be highly encouraged. Employers conducts that are sexually discriminative should be avoided at all costs. Similarly, supervisory sexual harassments usually demoralize and demotivate workers and consequently reduce productivity. In conclusion, discrimination should not be based on race, color, religion, sex and place of origin. All individuals must be protected against such discriminations. Employers should take responsibility and be charged for damages caused to employees whenever they violate these federal laws and civil rights. Buy custom Federal Civil Right Legislation essay